Learn free Civil Engineering by Civilustaad about IRAN’S LARGEST PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE,TABIAT BRIDGE

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IRAN’S LARGEST PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE,TABIAT BRIDGE

This iconic pedestrian bridge is designed in three levels. The first level has a café gallery and a coffee shop.

The second level is primarily designed for people who are crossing from one park to the other; they may be biking, walking, skating or riding on a horse carriage.

Lastly, level three, or the stay zone, is a place to stay and explore. 

In the center of the bridge there are stairs and ramps designed to get from one level to another.

The ramps make every levels of the bridge accessible for wheelchairs.

Learn free Civil Engineering by Civilustaad about DYNAMIC LOADS ON BRIDGES

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DYNAMIC LOADS ON BRIDGES

Management of the aging bridge infrastructure is demanding an increased considerate of all aspects of the performance of existing bridges. Loading models are an significant consideration in the risk evaluation of a structure.

Quantifying the actual in-service dynamic reaction of a structure can make a major difference in terms of keeping a bridge in service. Code-recommended allowances for dynamic effects range between 20 and 40 percent for chief elements. Higher values are occasionally recommended for local effects.

 It is well understood that parameters including the roughness of the road profile, the potential of frequency matching between weighty vehicles and the bridge, vehicle speed, and heavy-vehicle load levels all contribute to the dynamic response of a bridge to a single-vehicle event.

 Multiple vehicles boost the complexity even further. Latest new editions of bridge codes around the world have a tendency to diversify the methods and allowances for dynamic effects. These methods are compared with a database of experimental responses measured in a range of structures in Australia and New Zealand during latest years.

The results evidently illustrate the importance of each of the above parameters and that very huge dynamic responses can be achieved, mainly in short-span structures.

Learn free Civil Engineering by Civilustaad about BRIDGE TENSION CABLES

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BRIDGE TENSION CABLES

A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables hold up the bridge deck.

There are four main classes of cable-stayed bridges: harp, mono, star and fan.

 In the harp or parallel design, the cables are almost parallel so that the height of their connection to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their mounting on the deck.

 In the fan design, the cables all join to or pass over the top of the towers. The fan design is structurally better with minimum moment applied to the towers but for practical reasons the modified fan is preferred particularly where many cables are necessary. In the customized fan arrangement the cables terminate near to the top of the tower but are spaced from each other adequately to allow better termination, improved environmental protection, and good contact to individual cables for maintenance.

 The cable-stayed bridge is most favorable for spans longer than cantilever bridges, and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range where cantilever bridges would quickly grow heavier if the span were lengthened, and suspension bridge cabling would not be further economical if the span were reduced.

Learn free Civil Engineering by Civilustaad about BRIDGE HINGE BOLTS CONNECTION

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BRIDGE HINGE BOLTS CONNECTION

Hinges and pins are in relation to transferring shear forces. Hinge and pin connections are some of the simplest steel to steel connections that we discover. They are frequently very lightweight in look. They do not have further steel in the connection to reinforce the connection for any other purpose that providing matter to resist shear forces.

They are not anticipated to be able to resist bending moments or rotation, and are occasionally designed to accommodate a certain degree of rotation. This might be so that the joint moves like an genuine door hinge, or so that the joint can accept some degree of rotation as a function of the assembly process.

 Hinges and pins are often bolted. Though we can transfer shear through a welded connection, numerous hinge and pin connections will make use of bolts to unite the members.

 The difference between a hinge and a pin connection:

The difference lies in the quantity of bolts that we typically find in the connection which in turn infers the ability of the connection to rotate. A pin connection needs to be able to rotate, so it will only be able to have a single bolt to provide the material for the shear transfer. A hinge connection will have a superior number of bolts in order to resist the shear forces. It will not be able to turn as a result of the bolts, but it is still not anticipated to resist any bending moment.

Learn free Civil Engineering by Civilustaad about BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS

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BRIDGE EXPANSION JOINTS

An expansion joint or movement joint is an assemblage designed to safely soak up the heat-induced expansion and contraction of construction materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts jointly, or to allow movement due to ground arrangement or earthquakes. 

They are usually found between sections of buildings, bridges, sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships, and additional structures.

 Building faces, concrete slabs, and pipelines enlarge and contract due to warming and cooling from seasonal difference, or due to other heat sources.

 Before expansion joint gaps were built into these structures, they would crack underneath the stress induced.